Biographical Profile of Corp. Wilson Weir, 108th U.S. Colored Infantry

Wilson Weir left his home in Greenville, Kentucky, with a friend, and joined the Union army in the summer of 1864.³⁶³ The twenty-one-year-old did so with the knowledge and consent of his enslaver, Edward Weir, who, despite owning human beings, supported emancipation.

An historian described Edward Weir, who kept Wilson and about forty other enslaved people before the war, as “an influential merchant, lawyer, and politician, a slave-holder, an abolitionist, and a strong Union man” who owned a fine home and built brick cabins to house the people he enslaved.³⁶⁴

Wilson lived in one of the cabins with his mother, Lucinda, and father, Jube. Young Wilson had a reputation as one of the best enslaved ministers in the area. He preached at worship meetings in schoolhouses and churches across his home county. Military service temporarily suspended his local ministry and forever ended his enslaved status.³⁶⁵

Wilson was assigned to a new regiment, the 108th U.S. Colored Infantry. After less than two weeks in uniform he received a promotion to corporal of the color guard.³⁶⁶ He earned the respect of one company officer as “a thorough soldier.”³⁶⁷

Wilson served in this capacity at various posts in Kentucky and Mississippi and in Rock Island, Illinois, where the regiment guarded Confederate prisoners.

In March 1866, he mustered out of the army with his comrades at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and returned via steamboat to Greenville. He resumed life as a preacher and married a local girl, Francis Martin.³⁶⁸

Chronic diarrhea, which he had developed during the war, continued to plague him intermittently. In early 1877, while on a trip to get medicine in Louisville, he suffered another bout of the disease and fell ill with smallpox. Too sick to make the return trip home, he remained in Louisville and there succumbed to his afflictions at about age thirty-four. His wife survived him.³⁶⁹

Excerpted from African American Faces of the Civil War by Ronald S. Coddington.
Copyright 2012 by Johns Hopkins University Press. Reprinted by permission of the author and Johns Hopkins University Press. https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/10717/african-american-faces-civil-war

See Footnotes

³⁶³ The friend, Hudson Sturt, became a private in Company B of the 108th U.S. Colored Infantry. He survived the war. Hudson Sturt military service record, NARA.
³⁶⁴ Edward Rumsey Weir Sr. (1816–1891) lived in Greenville his entire life. In 1861, he raised and partially equipped a company of soldiers for the Eleventh Kentucky Infantry. The volunteers he recruited elected his son, Edward Rumsey Weir Jr. (1839–1906), as captain and company commander. The younger Weir resigned in January 1863. He rejoined the army later that year as lieutenant colonel of the Thirty-fifth Kentucky Infantry. 1860 Slave Schedules; Rothert, A History of Muhlenberg County, pp. 60, 252; Edward R. Weir military service record, NARA.
³⁶⁵ Rothert, A History of Muhlenberg County, p. 340.
³⁶⁶ Wilson Weir military service record, NARA.
³⁶⁷ Theodore Francis Wright, who served as first lieutenant of Company F, wrote these words on the back of his carte de visite of Weir. The complete note reads: “Is Color Corp: marches between the color bearers—is a thorough soldier—does not go on guard.”
³⁶⁸ Lucinda Weir pension file, NARA.
³⁶⁹ Ibid.

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*Photo courtesy of the Randolph Linsly Simpson African-American Collection, James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.